[A systematic review of standardized instruments to measure the doctor-patient relationship]. / Instrumentos estandarizados para medir la relación médico-paciente: una revisión sistemática de la literatura internacional e iberoamericana.

The current health situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a reconfiguration of the doctor-patient relationship. We performed a systematic review to comparatively evaluate the instruments most used to study communication in the doctor-patient relationship. We identified 43 instruments assessing different aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, of which 34 correspond to Anglo-Saxon literature and nine to Latin American texts. The psychometric evidence for many of these instruments is incipient. Most of these instruments contemplate a unidirectional design and address similar dimensions of the doctor-patient relationship, particularly in the Latin American context where the relationship is mostly studied in a unidimensional way. We propose recommendations for the development, revision, or refinement of instruments that measure communication in the doctor-patient relationship.

Instrumentos estandarizados para medir la relación médico-paciente: una revisión sistemática de la literatura internacional e iberoamericana / A systematic review of standardized instruments to measure the doctor-patient relationship

The current health situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a reconfiguration of the doctor-patient relationship. We performed a systematic review to comparatively evaluate the instruments most used to study communication in the doctor-patient relationship. We identified 43 instruments assessing different aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, of which 34 correspond to Anglo-Saxon literature and nine to Latin American texts. The psychometric evidence for many of these instruments is incipient. Most of these instruments contemplate a unidirectional design and address similar dimensions of the doctor-patient relationship, particularly in the Latin American context where the relationship is mostly studied in a unidimensional way. We propose recommendations for the development, revision, or refinement of instruments that measure communication in the doctor-patient relationship.

General health and perceived/feared discrimination in the lgbt+ community / Saúde geral e discriminação percebida e temida na comunidade lgbt+ / Salud general y discriminación percibida y temida en la comunidad lgbt+

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the relationship of perceived and feared discrimination with general health in LGBT+ people according to schooling level, gender identity and socioeconomic level. Method: a cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted. The sample consisted of 120 participants of legal age from the Maule region (Chile) who belonged to the LGBT+ community and answered an online survey due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The survey also included an open question for the participants to share discrimination experiences regarding the treatment received from the Nursing personnel. The quantitative data were examined by means of descriptive and inferential analyses (means difference and correlation tests). The results extracted were analyzed following the thematic and discursive analysis techniques. Results: although perceived discrimination had low prevalence in the sample, 44.17%, 38.33% and 32.51% manifested fear of not being loved, of not finding a job and of being rejected by their family for being part of the LGBT+ community, respectively. Likewise, discrimination was higher in the group of trans people and was mainly reflected in unjustified dismissals, difficulties finding a job or ill-treatment in the provision of health services. Finally, it was found that the participants exposed to more discrimination also reported worse general health. Conclusions: discrimination is a problem that affects the LGBT+ community, particularly the trans collective. The severe implications of discrimination for people's health evidence the need to design strategies, policies and regulations aimed at fostering tolerance and integration.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a discriminação percebida e temida e a saúde geral das pessoas LGBT+ de acordo com seu nível educacional, identidade de gênero e nível socioeconômico. Método: realizou-se um estudo transversal e correlacional. A amostra foi composta por 120 participantes adultos da região de Maule (Chile), pertencentes à comunidade LGBT+, que responderam a uma pesquisa virtual devido à pandemia de SARS CoV-2. A pesquisa também incluiu uma pergunta aberta que proporcionou um espaço para os participantes compartilharem experiências de discriminação em relação ao tratamento recebido da equipe de enfermagem. Os dados quantitativos foram examinados por meio de análises descritivas e inferenciais (testes de diferença de médias e correlações). As histórias extraídas foram analisadas segundo técnicas de análise temática e discursiva. Resultados: embora a discriminação percebida tenha uma baixa prevalência na amostra, 44,17% expressaram medo de não serem amados, 38,33% de não encontrar emprego e 32,51% de serem rejeitados pela família por fazerem parte da comunidade LGBT+. Da mesma forma, a discriminação foi maior no coletivo de pessoas trans e se refletiu principalmente em demissões injustificadas, dificuldades em encontrar emprego ou maus-tratos na prestação de serviços de saúde. Por fim, verificou-se que os participantes expostos a mais discriminação também relataram pior estado geral de saúde. Conclusões: a discriminação é um problema que afeta a comunidade LGBT+, principalmente o coletivo de pessoas trans. As graves implicações da discriminação para a saúde das pessoas evidenciam a necessidade de desenhar estratégias, políticas e regulamentações que visem promover a tolerância e a integração.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la relación entre la discriminación percibida y temida, y la salud general de personas LGBT+ de acuerdo a su nivel educativo, identidad de género y nivel socio-económico. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional. La muestra constó de 120 personas participantes mayores de edad de la región del Maule (Chile), pertenecientes a la comunidad LGBT+, que respondieron una encuesta de manera virtual debido a la pandemia por SARS CoV-2. La encuesta también incluyó una pregunta abierta que proporcionó un espacio para que las personas participantes compartieran experiencias de discriminación con respecto al trato recibido del personal de enfermería. Los datos cuantitativos se examinaron mediante análisis descriptivos e inferenciales (pruebas de diferencia de medias y correlaciones). Los relatos extraídos se analizaron siguiendo técnicas de análisis temático y discursivo. Resultados: si bien la discriminación percibida tuvo una prevalencia baja en la muestra, un 44,17% expresó temor a no ser querido, 38,33% a no encontrar trabajo, y 32,51% a ser rechazado por su familia por ser parte de la comunidad LGBT+. Asimismo, la discriminación fue mayor en el grupo de personas trans y se reflejó principalmente en despidos injustificados, dificultades para encontrar empleo o maltratos en la provisión de servicios de salud. Finalmente, se encontró que las personas participantes expuestas a mayor discriminación también reportaron una peor salud general. Conclusiones: la discriminación es un problema que afecta a la comunidad LGBT+, particularmente al colectivo trans. Las serias implicaciones de la discriminación para la salud de las personas ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de diseñar estrategias, políticas y reglamentaciones tendientes a fomentar la tolerancia y la integración.

Ten years of research on psychosocial risks, health, and performance in Latin America: a comprehensive systematic review and research agenda / Diez años de investigación sobre riesgos psicosociales, salud y desempeño en América Latina: una revisión sistemática integradora y agenda de investigación

Most systematic reviews of the relationships between work-related psychosocial risks, health, and performance have only considered papers in English, thus ignoring, to a considerable extent, studies conducted in Latin America. In addition, most systematic reviews that have indeed included Latin-American studies have focused on only one occupation and one kind of psychosocial risk, which contributes to producing scattered empirical evidence of this relationship. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive and critical systematic review of 85 studies that examined the relationships between psychosocial risks, health, and performance across a wide range of organizational contexts in Latin America over the last ten years. The paper contributes to the organizational psychology literature by critically reviewing and integrating the most recent studies on this topic in Latin America, identifying their main limitations, and proposing future lines of research that update the debate on this relationship and move this field of study forward (AU)

La mayoría de las revisiones sistemáticas sobre las relaciones entre los riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo, la salud y el desempeño solo han considerado artículos en inglés, ignorando así, en gran medida, los estudios realizados en América Latina. Además, la mayoría de las revisiones sistemáticas que efectivamente han incluido estudios latinoamericanos se han centrado en una sola ocupación y en un solo tipo de riesgo psicosocial, lo que ha contribuido a producir evidencia empírica dispersa y atomizada de esta relación. Este artículo reporta los resultados de una revisión sistemática integradora y crítica de 85 estudios que examinaron las relaciones entre los riesgos psicosociales, la salud y el desempeño en una amplia gama de contextos organizacionales en América Latina durante los últimos diez años. El artículo contribuye a la literatura de psicología organizacional dado que revisa críticamente e integra los estudios más recientes sobre este tema en América Latina, identifica sus principales limitaciones y propone líneas futuras de investigación que actualicen el debate sobre esta relación y promuevan el avance de este campo de estudio (AU)

Core Self-Evaluations, Perceived Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Two Independent Samples of Highly Skilled Argentinian Workers / Autoevaluaciones Esenciales, Características Percibidas del Trabajo y Satisfacción Laboral: Evidencia a partir de dos Muestras Independientes de Trabajadores Argentinos Altamente Calificados / Core self-evaluations, características percebidas de emprego e satisfação no trabalho: evidências de duas amostras independentes de trabalhadores argentinos altamente qualificados

Abstract This study examined the mediating role of perceived job characteristics in the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSES) and job satisfaction. Data were collected from two independent samples of highly skilled workers in Argentina (190 scholars and 116 managers). The results from the structural equation modeling analysis revealed that perceived job characteristics partly mediated the relationship between CSES and job satisfaction in both samples (32% in sample 1 and 65% in sample 2), suggesting that those individuals with higher CSES tended to perceive their jobs as more resourceful (i.e., more rewarding, secure, and supportive), which increased their levels of job satisfaction. These findings were consistent with those reported in North-American and European organizational settings, which provided further support to the universality and cross-cultural generalizability of the CSE construct.

Resumen El estudio analizó el rol mediador que cumplen las características percibidas del trabajo en la relación entre las auto-evaluaciones esenciales (CSES) y la satisfacción laboral. Se recopilaron datos a partir de dos muestras independientes de trabajadores argentinos altamente calificados (190 académicos y 116 gerentes). Los resultados del análisis de ecuaciones estructurales reveló que las características percibidas del empleo mediaron parcialmente la relación entre las CSES y la satisfacción laboral en ambas muestras (32% en la muestra 1 y 65% en la muestra 2), lo cual sugiere que las personas con CSES más altas tienden a percibir sus empleos como más beneficiosos (es decir, más gratificantes, seguros y contenedores). Esto aumentó sus niveles de satisfacción laboral. Los resultados concuerdan con aquellos reportados en entornos organizacionales norteamericanos y europeos, lo que sustenta aún más la universalidad y la posibilidad de generalización transcultural del constructo CSE.

Resumo O estudo analisou o papel mediador das características percebidas do emprego na relação entre a core self-evaluations (CSES) e satisfação no trabalho. Os dados foram coletados de duas amostras independentes de trabalhadores argentinos altamente qualificados (190 acadêmicos e 116 gerentes). Os resultados da análise a partir da equação estrutural revelaram que as características de percepção do emprego mediaram parcialmente a relação entre as CSES e a satisfação no trabalho em ambas as amostras (32% na amostra 1 e 65% na amostra 2), sugerindo que pessoas com CSES mais altas tendem a perceber seus empregos como mais beneficiosos (isto é, mais gratificantes, seguros e solidários). O que aumentou seu nível de satisfação no trabalho. Os resultados concordam com os relatados em entornos organizacionais norte-americanos e europeus, o que apoia ainda mais a universalidade e a possibilidade de generalização transcultural do construto CSE.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión corta de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en trabajadores argentinos / Psychometric Properties of the Short Version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in Argentinian Workers / Propriedades psicométricas da versão curta da Utrecht Work Engagement Scale em trabalhadores argentinos

Resumen Objetivo. Examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, en su versión reducida de nueve ítems (UWES-9). Método. Se recolectaron datos en tres muestras independientes y no probabilísticas de trabajadores argentinos (N = 642), por medio de la administración presencial y virtual de un cuestionario de autoinforme. Se realizaron análisis de consistencia interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach), estructura factorial (análisis factorial confirmatorio), validez convergente (varianza media extraída), validez discriminante (relación entre la varianza media extraída y la varianza compartida) y validez empírica (correlación observada entre el entusiasmo laboral y la satisfacción laboral). Resultados. Se encontraron niveles satisfactorios de consistencia interna, validez convergente y validez empírica, aunque bajos niveles de validez discriminante. Si bien los resultados revelaron que una estructura trifactorial es la que brinda el mejor ajuste a los datos de las tres muestras, las elevadas correlaciones observadas entre las dimensiones latentes del entusiasmo laboral y sus bajos niveles de validez discriminante indicaron que una solución unidimensional también podría ser aceptable. Conclusión. La UWES-9 constituye un instrumento confiable, válido y económico para medir el entusiasmo laboral en el contexto argentino.

Abstract Objective. To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale 9 (UWES-9). Method. Drawn on cross-sectional data collected in three independent samples of Argentinian workers (N = 642), we analyze the UWES-9's internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis), convergent validity (average variance extracted), discriminant validity (comparisons between the average variance extracted and the shared variance), and empirical validity (observed correlations between work engagement and job satisfaction). Results. The UWES-9 reported satisfactory levels of reliability, convergent validity, and empirical validity, but low levels of discriminant validity. Furthermore, although a 3-factor model supported the data better across the three samples, the high correlations observed among vigor, dedication, and absorption suggested that a one-factor solution might also be acceptable. Conclusion. The UWES-9 is a reliable, valid, and affordable measure for assessing work engagement in the Argentinian context.

Resumo Escopo. Examinar as propriedades psicométricas da versão em espanhol da Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, na sua versão reduzida de nove itens (UWES-9). Metodologia. Foram coletados dados em três amostras independentes e não probabilísticas de trabalhadores argentinos (N = 642), por meio da administração presencial e virtual de um questionário de auto informe. Foram feitas análises de consistência interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach), estrutura fatorial (análises fatorial confirmatório) validade convergente (variância meia extraída y variância compartilhada) e validade empírica (correlação observada entre o entusiasmo laboral e a satisfação laboral). Resultados. Foram achados níveis satisfatórios de consistência interna, validade convergente e validade empírica, embora baixos níveis de validade discriminante. Ainda os resultados revelaram que uma estrutura tri-fatorial é a que oferece o melhor ajuste aos dados das três amostras, as altas correlações observadas entre as dimensões latentes do entusiasmo laboral e seus baixos níveis de validade discriminante indicaram que uma solução unidimensional também poderia ser aceitável. Conclusão. A UWES-9 constitui um instrumento confiável, válido e económico para medir o entusiasmo laboral no contexto argentino.

Psychosocial risks and job satisfaction in Argentinian scholars: exploring the moderating role of work engagement / Los riesgos psicosociales y la satisfacción laboral en los académicos argentinos: exploración del rol moderador del entusiasmo laboral

The increasing psychosocial risks imposed on today's scholars have turned their profession into a highly stressful career path. Drawing on evidence collected in a sample of 177 scholars from an Argentinian public university, this study explores the buffering role of work engagement in the relationship between perceived exposure to six work-related psychosocial risk factors, namely psychological demands, insufficient autonomy, lack of social support and leadership, insufficient esteem, double presence, and job insecurity, and job satisfaction. Hierarchical regression analyses resulted in three out of six possible interaction effects, revealing that work engagement indeed moderates the effects of psychological demands, lack of social support and leadership, and insufficient esteem on scholars' job satisfaction. We discuss the findings in relation to directions proposed for future research

Los crecientes riesgos psicosociales impuestos a los académicos actuales han convertido su profesión en una carrera muy estresante. Basándose en la evidencia recopilada en una muestra de 177 académicos de una universidad pública argentina, este estudio explora el rol moderador del entusiasmo laboral en la relación entre la percepción de exposición a seis factores de riesgo psicosociales relacionados con el trabajo, demandas psicológicas, autonomía insuficiente, falta de apoyo y liderazgo, falta de estima, doble presencia e inseguridad laboral, y satisfacción laboral. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica dieron como resultado tres de seis posibles efectos de interacción, revelando que el trabajo realmente modera los efectos de las demandas psicológicas, la falta de apoyo social y liderazgo y la falta de estima en la satisfacción laboral de los académicos. Se discuten los hallazgos en relación con las indicaciones propuestas para futuras investigaciones

Work engagement, satisfacción laboral, salud física y salud mental en académicos de una universidad pública argentina / Work engagement, job satisfaction, general health, and mental health among faculty members at an Argentinian public university

La docencia universitaria se ha convertido en una de las ocupaciones más estresantes, lo que incrementa la relevancia de examinar las condiciones psicológicas y organizacionales que favorecen la conservación de la salud física y mental de los académicos. Este artículo se propone, por un lado, examinar el work engagement, la satisfacción laboral, la salud física y la salud mental en una muestra de académicos argentinos y, por el otro, analizar la influencia de un conjunto de variables sociodemográficas (i.e. edad, género y nivel educativo), otras relativas a las condiciones de empleo (i.e. jerarquía del cargo, dedicación horaria y estabilidad contractual), el work engagement y la satisfacción laboral de los participantes sobre sus niveles reportados de salud física y mental. Para ello, se administra un cuestionario virtual a una muestra no probabilística constituida por 86 académicos de una facultad de una universidad pública argentina. Los resultados revelan que más de un tercio de los participantes reportan haberse sentido estresados, cansados y/o agotados mentalmente, o haber padecido dolores de espalda, problemas de sueño, dolores de cabeza, tensión ocular y/o fatiga durante un período de treinta días. De esta investigación también surge que aquellos docentes más satisfechos con sus trabajos y/o más engaged tienden a gozar de una mejor salud física y mental. Se concluye que las universidades argentinas deberían mejorar las condiciones de trabajo que ofrecen a sus académicos con el propósito de incrementar su work engagement y su satisfacción laboral, dado que ambos factores son relevantes para la conservación de su salud física y mental(AU)

Being an academic faculty member has become a highly stressful occupation, making it necessary to examine the relevance of psychological and organizational conditions associated with higher levels of physical and mental health in the university setting. We aimed, on the one hand, to measure the levels of work engagement, job satisfaction, physical health, and mental health in a sample of Argentinian scholars and, on the other hand, to analyze the influence of a set of demographics (i.e. age, gender, and level of education), terms of employment (i.e. hierarchy, hours worked per week, and tenure), work engagement, and job satisfaction on reported levels of physical and mental health. We administered an online survey that included six self-report scales to a sample of 86 academics from an Argentinian university. Over one third of participants reported feeling stressed out, tired, emotionally exhausted, experienced backaches, having sleep difficulties, headaches, eyestrain, and/or fatigue in the previous 30-day period. Results also revealed that those academics who were highly engaged or felt highly satisfied with their jobs tended to report better physical and mental health. Argentinian universities should improve their working conditions in order to boost their faculty members'work engagement and job satisfaction, as both phenomena appear to be vital for maintaining adequate levels of physical and mental health in the workplace(AU)

Riesgos psicosociales e integración profesional de médicos extranjeros: Un estudio sobre el manejo del conflicto en Chile / Psychosocial risks and professional integration of foreign physicians: a study on conflict management in Chile

Background: The way in which communicative conflicts are confronted, as part of the acculturation process, can constitute a psychosocial risk factor that may affect the effectiveness of health care delivery. Aim: To describe the levels of dominance, adaptability and evasion as indicators of the way in which conflict situations are faced in the workplace by foreign physicians in the management of communicative conflicts. Materials and Methods: A self-report questionnaire was answered by 51 foreign physicians (63% women, 76% Venezuelans, 64% aged between 31 and 40 years old) who work in public healthcare institutions in a southern region of Chile. Results: The highest scores were recorded for the adaptable style of conflict management (69%), while the lowest scores were recorded for the evasive style (6%). Higher levels of dominance were identified for women than for men. There was a positive association between dominance and time progression, where the level of dominance increased as participants gained greater professional experience and workplace seniority. Conclusions: The foreign physicians who participated in this study have a clear constructive attitude towards the negotiation of conflicts. However, this effort to adapt can also become a psychosocial risk factor that affects professional integration in intercultural workplace contexts.